Judaism & Monarchy

The appointment of kings is addressed in the Torah in Deuteronomy 17:14-15, where the people are given the option to choose a king. The text suggests that the ideal scenario involves the people requesting a king, who would be chosen by HaShem through a prophet. 


The role of kings is seen in a complex light, with differing perspectives on whether monarchy is inherently positive or whether alternative forms of governance, such as councils, might be equally valid. The narrative also emphasizes the importance of maintaining adherence to the commandments, even under a monarchy.

Biblical Kings

The Bible introduces a succession of kings in Israel and Judah, each with distinct characteristics and legacies. Notable figures include David, a pious author of Psalms and a skilled warrior; Solomon, who solidified the kingdom and built the Temple; and various rulers who faced challenges, made alliances, or succumbed to idolatry. The Torah underscores the significance of the House of David and the line of kings.

United Monarchy

The united monarchy of Israel represents a significant period in biblical history, traditionally associated with the reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon. This era is marked by the consolidation of the twelve tribes of Israel under a single, centralized rule. Saul was the first king, anointed by the prophet Samuel, followed by David, who became a key figure known for his military successes, authorship of Psalms, and establishment of Jerusalem as the capital. Solomon, the son of David, is renowned for his wisdom and for building the First Temple in Jerusalem. The united monarchy reached its zenith under Solomon, achieving economic prosperity and regional influence. The existence and nature of the united monarchy are subjects of scholarly debate due to the limited archaeological evidence, but the biblical narrative remains a foundational aspect of Jewish history and identity.

Kingdom of Judea

The Kingdom of Judea, also known as the Southern Kingdom, emerged following the division of the united monarchy of Israel after the reign of King Solomon. Its establishment is rooted in biblical history, with its capital situated in Jerusalem. The kingdom primarily consisted of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, remaining loyal to the House of David. Throughout its existence, the Kingdom of Judea faced various challenges, including conflicts with neighboring nations and internal struggles. The biblical narrative details the reigns of numerous kings in Judea, each contributing to the kingdom's historical and religious development. Notable rulers like Hezekiah and Josiah played key roles in attempting to uphold religious reforms and resist external threats. The Kingdom of Judea ultimately met its demise with the Babylonian conquest in 586 BCE, leading to the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and the exile of a significant portion of the population. The historical legacy of Judea remains a crucial aspect of Jewish history, influencing religious beliefs, traditions, and the collective identity of the Jewish people

Second Temple Period

Following the Babylonian exile and subsequent Persian rule, political sovereignty was not fully regained, with foreign rulers such as the Persians, Greeks, Seleucids, and the Hasmonean dynasty playing pivotal roles. The Hasmoneans, despite not being of Davidic descent, briefly restored autonomy to Judea after a successful revolt against the Seleucids. Herod the Great, appointed by the Romans, later governed Judea and undertook extensive building projects, including the renovation of the Second Temple. However, internal conflicts, Roman influence, and subsequent Roman governors characterized the political landscape. Native Jewish monarchy did not persist beyond the reign of Herod, leading to the Roman suppression of Jewish revolts, the destruction of the Second Temple, and the consolidation of Roman control over Judea.

“Under Protection of the crown”

The relationship between Jews and European monarchies in medieval times was complex, marked by a delicate balance between privileges and vulnerabilities. In certain regions, like the Frankish kingdom, Jews enjoyed specific rights, yet in medieval England, they were legally considered Crown property, exposed to arbitrary taxation. While monarchs provided protection, this came with a significant level of control, demanding services and financial contributions. King Edward I's Edict of Expulsion in 1290 exemplified the precarious nature of the Jewish community's position, subject to the monarch's arbitrary decisions. This historical narrative reveals a nuanced dynamic where Jews navigated between royal patronage and the inherent risks associated